Early intrauterine pregnancy with an intrauterine device in place and terminated with spontaneous abortion: A case report.

RATIONALE: The overall pregnancy rate in individuals with an intrauterine device (IUD) for contraception is <1%. If pregnancy occurs while an IUD is in place, there is a higher risk of an ectopic pregnancy. We report the case of a woman with an IUD who was 7 weeks pregnant and experienced a spontaneous abortion 1 week later. PATIENT CONCERN: A 32-year-old woman presented to our outpatient department with intermittent vaginal staining for several days. DIAGNOSES: She was 7 weeks pregnant and had an IUD in place for over 4 years. A vaginal examination revealed no vaginal bleeding and no blood clots; however, a parous cervix was observed. The IUD string was not visible. Transvaginal ultrasonography revealed a gestational sac in the uterine cavity, with a fetal pole and a crown-rump length of 11.4 mm. The fetal heart rate was 159 beats/min. The IUD was located in the retroplacental region. The bilateral adnexa appeared normal (right ovary, 2.9 cm; left ovary, 2.5 cm). The patient was diagnosed with an intrauterine pregnancy with an IUD in place and threatened abortion. INTERVENTIONS: Attempts to remove the IUD were abandoned due to its location, and conservative treatment was initiated with Utrogestan (100 mg) administered 3 times a day for 1 week. Bed rest was advised. OUTCOMES: Unfortunately, she experienced a complete abortion 1 week later. LESSONS: The novelty of this case report lies in the rare occurrence of an intrauterine pregnancy with a long-term IUD in place, the challenges posed by the IUD's specific location, and the complex management of threatened abortion in this context. Our case highlights the diagnostic management approach for intrauterine pregnancy with an IUD in place. Furthermore, it explores the impact of IUD location on pregnancy prognosis.

Effect of extended precision nursing on neurobehavioral function and pregnancy outcome in patients with threatened abortion.

This study aimed to assess the impact of continuous precision nursing on neurobehavioral function and pregnancy outcomes in patients experiencing threatened abortion. A total of 130 patients with early threatened abortion admitted to our hospital between October 2020 and January 2023 were selected and categorized into 2 groups based on intervention methods. The control group received routine nursing intervention, whereas the observation group received continuous precision nursing intervention. Changes in affective status scores, SF-36 scores, knowledge mastery scores, and satisfaction scores in the neurobehavioral function test before and after intervention were recorded in both groups. Additionally, pregnancy outcomes, obstetric adverse reaction rates, and neonatal conditions were documented. Following intervention, scores for tension-anxiety, depression-dejection, anger-hostility, vigor-activity, fatigue-inertia, and confusion-bewilderment gradually decreased in both groups, with significantly lower scores observed in the observation group compared to the control group (P < .05). SF-36 scores in 8 dimensions, including physical functioning, role-physical, bodily pain, and overall health rating, showed a gradual increase in both groups, with the observation group scoring higher than the control group (P < .05). Knowledge mastery and satisfaction scores also increased significantly after intervention, with the observation group surpassing the control group (P < .05). The observation group exhibited lower rates of abortion and premature birth, along with a higher rate of full-term pregnancy compared to the control group, with statistically significant differences (P < .05). Furthermore, the observation group displayed lower rates of adverse reactions and low birth weight infants, with significant differences compared to the control group (P < .05). No significant differences were observed in neonatal mortality and neonatal intensive care unit transfer rates between the observation and control groups (P > .05). Continuous precision nursing contributes to improved pregnancy outcomes for patients with threatened miscarriage within the first 12 weeks of pregnancy. This comprehensive care approach is associated with enhanced knowledge retention, protection of neurological function, and an overall improvement in quality of life.

Oral dydrogesterone for prevention of miscarriage in threatened miscarriage: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effectiveness of oral dydrogesterone in preventing miscarriage in threatened miscarriage. METHODS: A randomized, controlled trial study was conducted among pregnant Thai women at the gestational age of six to less than 20 weeks who visited King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand with threatened miscarriage from August 2021 to August 2022. These pregnant women were randomized to receive oral dydrogesterone 20 mg per day or placebo twice a day until one week after vaginal bleeding stopped or otherwise for a maximum of six weeks. RESULTS: A total of 100 pregnancies were recruited. Fifty of them were assigned to receive oral dydrogesterone and 50 were assigned to receive placebo. The rate of continuing pregnancy beyond 20 weeks of gestational age was 90.0% (45 out of 50 women) in the dydrogesterone group and 86.0% (43 out of 50 women) in the placebo group (p = 0.538). The incidence of adverse events did not differ significantly between the groups. CONCLUSION: Oral dydrogesterone 20 mg/day could not prevent miscarriages in women with threatened miscarriage.

A rapid improvement event: progesterone prescribing in prevention of miscarriage.

A rapid improvement event (RIE) is a standard operational excellence technique that uses team-based problem solving to improve processes. In this study, a RIE was undertaken to improve progesterone prescribing rates for those with a history of miscarriage experiencing vaginal bleeding in early pregnancy. This was on the basis of a recent change in guidelines regarding prescribing in these instances. NICE guidelines changed in November 2021 after Cochrane meta-analysis and the PRISM (Progesterone in Spontaneous Miscarriage) randomised control trial demonstrated a higher incidence of live births in those prescribed vaginal micronised progesterone for threatened miscarriage, when compared with those not prescribed it.A RIE involves a team approach and a standard sequence of events allowing analysis and improvement of a process. Analysis in the form of audit revealed a low progesterone prescribing rate for eligible patients in our unit. Dissection of this problem into its elements revealed a low level of staff knowledge regarding the change in guidelines and a lack of confidence in prescription of progesterone. A plan of actionable events to improve prescribing rates was devised. The updated guidance and local recommendations on appropriate micronised progesterone formulations were presented at hospital Grand Rounds with multidisciplinary attendance. Infographics were displayed in areas visible to stakeholders within the hospital and on the hospital's social media pages. The validity of these educational measures to improve the process was reaudited after 3 months.Progesterone prescribing improved by 48%. Those comfortable with prescribing as per the new guidelines improved from 43% to 78%. A RIE proved to be an effective and efficient approach to collaboration, decision-making and action.

An evaluation of serum blood parameters and amyloid A levels in pregnant women with threatened miscarriage.

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated whether serum amyloid A (AA) levels can be used as a biomarker in patients with threatened abortion. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This prospective cohort study was conducted at the Antalya Training and Research Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Türkiye, between April and October 2023. Eighty-eight pregnant women, 44 diagnosed with threatened miscarriage (Group 1) and 44 healthy individuals (Group 2), were included in the study. Sociodemographic, obstetric, and laboratory parameters were compared between the groups. RESULTS: No statistically significant differences were observed between the groups in terms of sociodemographic data (age, body mass index, education level, economic status, occupation status, smoking, and alcohol consumption). However, obstetric characteristics (number of pregnancies, living children, miscarriages, dilatation and curettage, gestational age on admission, and fetal crown-rump length) and laboratory values including complete blood count, hematocrit, leukocyte, neutrophil, lymphocytes, platelet, hs-C-reactive protein, neutrophil-lymphocyte and platelet-lymphocyte ratio (p > .05), and serum AA values (7.49 ± 3.07 in Group 1 vs. 9.46 ± 4.80 in Group 2, p = .024) differed significantly. Receiver operating characteristic analysis showed that the area under the curve (AUC: 0.662) was statistically significant for serum AA (p = .032), with a cut-off value of ≥7.51 (95% [confidence interval] 0.516-0.749, sensitivity 65%, specificity 51%). The positive predictive value of serum AA for threatened miscarriage was 56.8%, and the negative predictive value 59.4%. CONCLUSION: This study shows that serum AA can be used as a biomarker in the diagnosis of threatened miscarriage. Prospective studies involving more participants are now needed to confirm our results.

Correlation Between the Clinical Diagnosis and Sonographic Diagnosis in Women with First-Trimester Vaginal Bleeding.

BACKGROUND: Vaginal bleeding is the most common cause of presentation at the emergency department in the first trimester. Clinical presentation helps determine the likely cause of first-trimester vaginal bleeding. However, ultrasound imaging is required to reach a definitive diagnosis. OBJECTIVE: To determine the relationship between clinical diagnosis and ultrasonographic findings in women with first-trimester vaginal bleeding. METHODS: A prospective longitudinal study was conducted on 94 pregnant patients with a history of bleeding per vagina (PV) in the first trimester by using transvaginal ultrasound. RESULTS: PV spotting was noted in 64.9% and heavy bleeding in 35.1%. The most common clinically associated symptom was abdominal pain (68, 72.3%), and the least common clinically associated symptom was vesicle expulsion (2.1%). The most common predisposing factor was fever (31, 33.0%). The most frequent clinical diagnosis was threatened abortion (48, 51.1%), and the least common clinical diagnosis was gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) and inevitable abortion (1, 1.1%). The most common ultrasound diagnosis at the initial scan was incomplete abortion (19.2%), while at follow-up scans, it was threatened abortion (48, 51.1%). The overall concordance between clinical diagnosis and ultrasound was 38.8%, with both complete abortion and GTD showing a concordance of 100%. The least concordance was seen in missed abortions (25%). CONCLUSION: Clinical assessment is insufficient in the identification of the cause of vaginal bleeding due to the overall low concordance rate. A combination of clinical assessment and ultrasonography is required for decision-making in every case.

Can single progesterone concentration predict miscarriage in early pregnant women with threatened miscarriage: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: About 25% of pregnant women experience bleeding in the early stage, and half of them eventually progress to pregnancy loss. Progesterone serves as a useful biomarker to predict miscarriage in threatened miscarriage, yet its performance is still debated. AIM: To evaluate the performance of single serum progesterone predicting miscarriage in early pregnant patients with threatened miscarriage. METHOD: The online database was searched to yield the literature using the terms of 'Abortion', 'Miscarriage', and 'serum Progesterone', including PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Cochrane library, and China national knowledge infrastructure. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, likelihood ratio (LLR) and diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were computed. Publication bias was assessed by the deeks funnel plot asymmetry test. Subgroup analyses were conducted according to the progesterone level (< 12 ng/mL), recruited location and region, progesterone measurement method, exogenous progesterone supplement and follow up. RESULTS: In total, 12 studies were eligible to be included in this study, with sample sizes ranging from 76 to 1087. The included patients' gestational age was between 4 and 12 weeks. No significant publication bias was detected from all included studies. The threshold of progesterone reported ranged from 8 to 30 ng/ml. The synthesized area under the ROC curve (0.85, 95% CI 0.81 to 0.88), positive LLR (6.2, 4.0 to 9.7) and DOR (18, 12 to 27) of single progesterone measurement distinguishing miscarriage were relatively good in early pregnant patients with threatened miscarriage. When the threshold of < 12 ng/mL was adapted, the progesterone provided a higher area under the ROC curve (0.90 vs. 0.78), positive LLR (8.3 vs. 3.8) and DOR (22 vs.12) than its counterpart (12 to 30 ng/mL). CONCLUSION: Single progesterone measurement can act as a biomarker of miscarriage in early pregnant patients with threatened miscarriage, and it has a better performance when the concentration is <12 ng/mL. TRIAL REGISTRATION: PROSPERO (CRD42021255382).

Pregnancy outcomes of fetal reduction in patients with intrauterine haematoma following double embryo transfer.

RESEARCH QUESTION: Is there an association between intrauterine haematoma (IUH) and pregnancy outcomes in patients who undergo fetal reduction after double embryo transfer (DET), and if so, what is the relationship between IUH-related characteristics and pregnancy outcomes? DESIGN: Clinical information and pregnancy outcomes of women who underwent fetal reduction after DET were analysed. Patients with other systematic diseases, ectopic pregnancy or heterotopic pregnancy, monochorionic twin pregnancies and incomplete data were excluded. Stratification of IUH pregnancies was undertaken based on IUH-related characteristics. The main outcome was incidence of fetal demise (<24 weeks), with other adverse pregnancy outcomes considered as secondary outcomes. RESULTS: Thirty-four IUH patients and 136 non-IUH patients who underwent fetal reduction after DET were included based on a 1:4 match for age, cycle type and fertilization method. IUH patients had a higher incidence of early fetal demise (20.6% versus 7.4%, P = 0.048), threatened abortion (48.1% versus 10.3%, P<0.001) and postpartum haemorrhage (PPH; 14.8% versus 4.0%, P = 0.043) compared with non-IUH patients. IUH was an independent risk factor for early fetal demise [adjusted OR (aOR) 3.34, 95% CI 1.14-9.77] and threatened abortion (aOR 8.61, 95% CI 3.28-22.61) after adjusting for potential confounders. IUH pregnancies undergoing fetal reduction that resulted in miscarriage had larger IUH volumes and earlier diagnosis (both P < 0.03). However, IUH characteristics (i.e. volume, changing pattern, presence or absence of cardiac activity) were not associated with threatened abortion or PPH. CONCLUSIONS: Fetal reduction should be performed with caution in IUH pregnancies after DET as the risk of fetal demise is relatively high. Particular attention should be given to IUH patients with early signs of threatened abortion and inevitable fetal demise.

Inflammatory cytokines in maternal serum between women with threatened miscarriage and normal pregnancy.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the levels of proinflammatory cytokines in women with threatened miscarriage and normal pregnancy. METHODS: This study was a longitudinal study. Consenting women with normal pregnancy and those admitted on account of threatened miscarriage at an estimated gestational age of 6-10 weeks were included in the study. The proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 were measured at the diagnosis of threatened miscarriage (baseline) and in the 13th week of pregnancy. The χ2 test of association was used to examine the relationship between the pregnancy type and demographic characteristics; clinical history and gynecologic history. Student t test was used to compare the selected cytokine between women with threatened miscarriage and normal pregnancy. RESULTS: There was a significantly higher IL-2 (P = 0.033), IFN-γ (P < 0.001), and IL-13 (P < 0.001) in women with threatened miscarriage than in women with normal pregnancy at the baseline. At the follow up, the results revealed a significantly higher IFN-γ level (P < 0.001) and IL-4 (P = 0.019) in women with threatened miscarriage than in women with normal pregnancies. CONCLUSION: Proinflammatory cytokine profiles were associated with a higher risk of threatened miscarriage.

Associations between maternal occupational exposures and pregnancy outcomes among Chinese nurses: a nationwide study.

BACKGROUND: Several studies have provided evidence about adverse pregnancy outcomes of nurses involved in occupational exposure. However, the pregnancy outcomes among nurses in middle-income countries are not well demonstrated. The main aim of this study is to present the prevalence and influencing factors of pregnancy outcomes among female nurses in China. METHODS: We included 2243 non-nurse health care workers, and 4230 nurses in this national cross-sectional study in China. Information on occupational exposures and pregnancy outcomes was collected using a face-to-face investigation. Odds ratios (ORs) were estimated through logistic regression. RESULTS: The proportion of threatened abortion, spontaneous abortion, and stillbirth of female nurses was 2.6%, 7%, and 2.1%, respectively. We found an increased risk of threatened abortion among nurses with overtime work (OR = 1.719, 95% CI 1.158-2.550). The risk of threatened abortion and spontaneous abortion was elevated among nurses handling disinfectant (OR = 2.293 and 1.63, respectively). We found a nearly twofold increased risk of premature birth (OR = 2.169, 95% CI 1.36-3.459) among nurses handling anti-cancer drugs. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggested that maternal occupational exposures might be associated with the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes among female nurses in China. We recommend that policy-markers and hospital managers work together to reduce exposure to occupational hazards and improve pregnancy outcomes among female nurses.

Cross-sectional study to assess the psychological morbidity of women facing possible miscarriage.

INTRODUCTION: Threatened miscarriage is a common complication of pregnancy. This study aimed to assess psychological morbidity in women with threatened miscarriage, with the goal of identifying early interventions for women at risk of anxiety or depression. METHODS: Women in their first trimester attending an Early Pregnancy Assessment Clinic were recruited between July 2013 and June 2015. They were asked to complete the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Spielberger's State Anxiety Inventory State form (STAI-S), the Fatigue Scale-14 (FS-14), and the Profile of Mood States (POMS) before consultation. They were also asked to rate anxiety levels before and after consultation using a visual analogue scale (VAS). RESULTS: In total, 1390 women completed the study. The mean ± standard deviation of GHQ-12 (bi-modal) and GHQ-12 (Likert) scores were 4.04 ± 3.17 and 15.19 ± 5.30, respectively. Among these women, 48.4% had a GHQ-12 (bi-modal) score ≥4 and 76.7% had a GHQ-12 (Likert) score >12, indicating distress. The mean ± standard deviation of BDI, STAI-S, and FS-14 scores were 9.35 ± 7.19, 53.81 ± 10.95, and 2.40 ± 0.51, respectively. The VAS score significantly decreased after consultation (P<0.001). Compared with women without a history of miscarriage, women with a previous miscarriage had higher GHQ-12, BDI, and POMS scores (except for fatigue-inertia and vigour-activity subscales). A higher bleeding score was strongly positively correlated with GHQ-12 (Likert) score. There were weak correlations between pain score and the GHQ-12 (bi-modal) ≥4, BDI >12, and POMS scores (except for confusion-bewilderment subscale which showed a strong positive correlation). CONCLUSION: Women with threatened miscarriage experience a considerable psychological burden, emphasising the importance of early recognition for timely management.

Recurrent miscarriage: green-top guideline nº 17

The purpose of this guideline is to provide guidance on the investigation and care of women and people with recurrent miscarriage.Within this document we use the terms woman and women's health. However, it is important to acknowledge that it is not only women for whom it is necessary to access women's health and reproductive services in order to main-tain their gynaecological health and reproductive wellbeing. Gynaecological and obstetric services and delivery of care must therefore be appropriate, inclusive and sensitive to the needs of those individuals whose gender identity does not align with the sex they were assigned at birth. The term cou-ple is used to describe two individuals trying to conceive, recognising that in some instances these individuals may not be in a relationship. While every effort is made to ensure the RCOG uses inclusive language there are instances where we have been unable to adhere to this, for example where original research is being referenced the language within the publication is used for accuracy.

The effect of progesterone supplementation in women with threatened miscarriage on fetal fraction in non-invasive prenatal testing: A matched case-control study.

AIM: To evaluate the effect of progesterone use on fetal fraction (FF) in non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) due to the threat of first trimester miscarriage. METHODS: This case control study included the pregnant who were referred to our clinic for non-invasive prenatal testing. The patients were categorized into three groups: Pregnant women with vaginal bleeding and using progesterone, pregnant women with vaginal bleeding and not using progesterone, and pregnant women without bleeding. The groups were formed by matching gestational week. Women with multiple pregnancy, BMI (body mass index) ≥25, abnormal fetal karyotype, and chronic disease were excluded from the study. Maternal characteristics, FF of the NIPT were recruited from the computer based medical records. RESULTS: A total of 10,275 NIPT tests were performed during the study period. 3% of the patients (n = 308) were found at risk of miscarriage. 100 patients with a vaginal bleeding and 50 control patients were matched. The median value of the fetal fraction ratio was found to be 6.55 in pregnant women without vaginal bleeding, 7.05 in pregnant women who had vaginal bleeding and using progesterone, and 7.3 in pregnant women who had vaginal bleeding and did not use progesterone. Although the fetal fraction ratio was found to be higher in pregnant women with vaginal bleeding and lower in progesterone users, this situation could not reach the level of statistical significance (p = 0.351). CONCLUSIONS: The fetal fraction rate in maternal blood is not affected in pregnant women who use progesterone due to vaginal bleeding in early gestational weeks.

FEATURES OF THE FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY OF THE FULL-TERM PLACENTA IN WOMEN WITH THREATENED ABORTION WITH BLEEDING IN THE FIRST TRIMESTER OF GESTATION.

OBJECTIVE: The aim: To examine the morphology regarding the term placentas in pregnancies with threatened abortion with bleeding in the first trimester. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Materials and methods: 118 term placentas were selected, of which 40 placentas with the physiological course of pregnancy. 78 placentas were from women with threatened abortion with bleeding in the first trimester, of which 37 patients received hormonal therapy (group I), 41 women were prescribed symptomatic therapy (group II). Placentas were investigatedaccording to the protocol, which includes organometric, macroscopic and microscopic studies. RESULTS: Results: In the placentas of group II is a significant increase of the area of terminal villi compared due to the stroma against the background of a deficit of fetal capillaries. In group I have revealed that the specific weight of the vascular bed of the terminal villi was 1.5 times higher compared to the control (Р=0.031) and 2.7 times higher than the group II (Р=0.022) and dominates the share of the stroma. The weight of the epithelium of the terminal villi in all groups is approximately the same (Р=0.042), but the ratio of the epithelium to the stroma is higher in the group I (0.63) than in the control (0.43). CONCLUSION: Conclusions: In women with a pathological course of the first trimester of pregnancy the compensatory mechanisms in full-term placentas are morphologically represented by an increase in the number of terminal villi, syncytio-capillary membranes, intensification of angiogenesis. In the placentas of women who received hormonal therapy adaptive reactions are most effective and able to compensate for the gestational immaturity of the chorion.

Comparison of VEGF-A levels in women with threatened abortion, early pregnancy loss and uncomplicated healthy pregnancies.

INTRODUCTION: To estimate the possible role of VEGF-A in predicting poor early pregnancy outcomes including threatened abortion and early pregnancy loss. METHODS: We conducted a prospective case-control study with three groups of pregnant women diagnosed with threatened abortion, early pregnancy loss, and uncomplicated healthy pregnancies between 01 March 2023 and 15 March 2023. Maternal serum VEGF-A concentration was measured using the Sandwich-ELISA method in accordance to the commercial kit's instructions. There were 30 patients in each 3 group and the gestational age of the patients was between 6 and 14 weeks. The Kruskal-Wallis test was performed for comparing the median values between the groups. Mann-Whitney U test was conducted for pairwise comparisons. RESULTS: VEGF-A levels were compared between 3 groups and a statistically significant difference was found (p = 0.007). There was a moderately significant correlation between VEGF-A levels and poor early pregnancy outcomes. For poor early pregnancy outcomes, the area under the curve (AUC) was 0.75 (95% CI: 0.64-0.85). The best balance of sensitivity/specificity in ROC curves was 0.60 (63.3% sensitivity, 74.3% specificity). DISCUSSION: In conclusion, this study pointed out the increased VEGF concentrations in pregnant women with threatened miscarriage and early pregnancy loss. VEGF-A may be a potential biomarker for the indication of poor early pregnancy outcomes.

Could maternal serum MFG-E8 level predict adverse first trimester pregnancy outcome? A preliminary study.

BACKGROUND: Milk fat globule-epidermal growth factor 8 (MFG-E8) is expressed in the endometrial epithelium and its expression increases during the implantation process. Due to this knowledge, we aimed to investigate the maternal serum MFG-E8 levels on both healthy pregnant women in the first trimester and pregnant women complicated with missed abortion and threatened abortion in the first trimester. METHODS: This prospective, cross-sectional study was conducted in a tertiary referral hospital, department of obstetrics between July 2020 and February 2021 after ethical committee approval. The study population was consisted of 30 healthy pregnant women (HP) in the first trimester, 30 pregnant women suffering from threatened abortion (TA) in the first trimester and 30 pregnant women suffering from missed abortion (MA) in the first trimester. Maternal serum MFG-E8 levels were analyzed with enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Delivery and neonatal outcomes of the study population was evaluated. The continuous variables were compared among three groups with variance analysis with post hoc tests. The categorical variables were compared with chi-square and Fisher's exact tests where applicable. RESULTS: The mean age of the study population was 29.36 ± 5.31 years. There was no significant difference among three groups for parameters of age, body mass index, parity number, and gestational week. Despite being within normal ranges, the mean neutrophil and international normalized ratio values of the three groups showed statistically significant difference (p < 0.05). The mean maternal serum MFG-E8 levels of MA, TA, and HP groups were 270 ± 152.3, 414.7 ± 236.7, and 474 ± 222.5 ng/mL, respectively (p = 0.001). It was found that mean of MFG-E8 of the MA group was statistically significantly lower than those of the other two groups (p < 0.05). DISCUSSION: Although maternal serum MFG-E8 level seems to be a parameter that differ between live and nonlive pregnancies, studies with large number of cases are needed to discuss our results and to determine a cut-off value for prediction.

How endocervicoscopy can impact obstetric outcomes in women undergoing LEEP for CIN2 + : a retrospective cohort analysis.

PURPOSE: To assess the impact of preoperative endocervicoscopy on obstetric outcomes and complications in women undergoing LEEP for CIN2 + . METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study carried out between October 2012 and April 2018. All women had undergone cervical length measurement at T0 (before LEEP), T1 (6 months after LEEP), and T2 (at 20 weeks of pregnancy) through transvaginal ultrasound examination after LEEP for CIN2 + . A total of 528 patients fulfilled our inclusion criteria and contributed to the final analysis: 288 had undergone endocervicoscopy before the excisional procedure (Group A), while the remaining 240 (Group B) did not. RESULTS: Patients who did not undergo endocervicoscopy showed a greater amount of tissue excised at LEEP compared to those of Group A (6.7% vs 31.9% in Group A and B, p < 0.01, respectively). A statistically relevant difference was detected in the lesion margins involvement: negative in 93.8% in Group A compared to 65.6% in Group B. The cervicometry before the treatment resulted in similar between the two groups, while a statistically significant difference was noted after 6 months (37.5 ± 2.9 mm in Group A vs 35.1 ± 3.8 mm in Group B, p < 0.01) and at 20th week pregnancy (36.9 ± 5.3 mm in Group A vs 33.5 ± 5.6 mm in Group B, p < 0.01). The number of pregnancies after LEEP as well as the difference in the elapsed time (in months) did not result in a statistical significance between the two groups. The threatened preterm labor (TPL) and the threatened miscarriage showed a statistically significant difference in incidence between the two groups (4,2% and 4.2% in Group A vs 15.3% and 25% in Group B, p < 0.01, respectively). CONCLUSION: Endocervicoscopy reduces the size of the LEEP sample and in particular its depth, saving healthy cervical tissue, and guarantees the total eradication of the lesion as the resection margins are negative in almost all cases, allowing for a reduction of the rate of TPL and threatened miscarriage in women with CIN2 + , especially with Type 2 or 3 cervical squamocolumnar junction (SCJ).

Role of the systemic immune-inflammation index in threatened abortion patients and predicting of abortion.

PURPOSE: Our study aimed to compare the systemic immune inflammation index (SII), one of the hematological inflammation parameters, between pregnant women diagnosed with threatened abortion (TA) and healthy pregnant women, and to evaluate the prediction of abortion in pregnant women with TA. METHODS: This retrospective study compared 150 patients with TA group and 150 age- and gestational week-matched healthy pregnant women (control group). Complete blood count parameters were assessed. SII, white blood cells (WBC), neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), red cell distribution width (RDW), plateletcrit (PCT), platelet distribution width and monocyte to lymphocyte ratio (MLR) values were calculated. The SII value was calculated as follows: platelet count × (neutrophil/lymphocyte). RESULTS: SII, NLR, MLR, WBC, RDW, and PCT values were significantly higher in the TA group compared to the control group (923 ± 683 vs. 579 ± 364 [p < 0.001], 3.3 ± 2.0 vs. 2.1 ± 1.1 [p < 0.001], 0.3 ± 0.1 vs. 0.2 ± 0.2 [p < 0.001], 9.84 ± 2.87 vs. 8.6 ± 1.6 [p < 0.001], 13.9 ± 1.9 vs. 14.4 ± 2.3 [p = 0.032] and 0.3 ± 0.1 vs. 0.2 ± 0.0 [p < 0.001], respectively). Using receiver operating characteristics curve analysis to predict abortion in AI patients, the highest area under the curve was found for SII (0.727 for SII and 0.666 for NLR). CONCLUSION: SII, NLR, MLR, RDW, and platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR) levels were significantly increased in patients with TA. This study supports the idea that several inflammatory pathways may play an important role in the pathogenesis of this disorder. SII may be a much better marker than NLR and PLR for predicting the inflammatory status of the disease and abortion in an ongoing pregnancy.

Shoutai Wan regulates glycolysis imbalance at the maternal-fetal interface in threatened abortion mice.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Threatened abortion is a common disease among women of childbearing age. Its high incidence rate and unclear etiology, seriously threaten women's physical and mental health. Shoutai Wan (STW) is a traditional Chinese medicine decoction for treating abortion. It has a long history of treating threatened abortion by tonifying the kidney and calming the fetus. However, the mechanism of STW remains unclear. AIM OF STUDY: To study the mechanism and potential benefit of STW in pregnant mice with hydrocortisone and mifepristone-induced threatened abortion. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The STW compounds were identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. STW-H, STW-M, or STW-L was separately given 3 mg/ml, 1.5 mg/ml and 0.75 mg/ml STW in the morning, and 2 mg/ml hydrocortisone in the afternoon from gestation day (D) 1-9 and once with 0.4 mg/kg mifepristone on D10. Didroxyprogesterone (0.1 mg/ml) and equal dose pure water were used to replace STW in didroxyprogesterone (DYD) group and model group respectively. The control group used pure water to replace STW, hydrocortisone, and mifepristone. We performed morphological and histological analyses of the maternal-fetal interface on day 10. RESULTS: The embryo loss rate in the STW-H and DYD groups was lower than that in the model group. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining suggested that the morphology of maternal-fetal interface was improved in the STW-H and DYD groups. Immunohistochemical (IHC), Quantitative Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reactionstaining (qRT-PCR), and Western blot (WB) results indicated that HIF-1α expression in the maternal-fetal interface of the STW-H and DYD groups was higher than that in model group. The activities of HK, PKM, LDH and the concentration of lactic acid in the STW-H and DYD groups were higher than those in model group. Furthermore, the protein and mRNA levels of HK2, PKM2, LDHA, MCT4, and GPR81 were higher in the STW-H and DYD groups than those in the model group. CONCLUSIONS: STW can reduce the pregnancy loss rate by regulating the glycolysis balance at the maternal-fetal interface of kidney deficiency threatened abortion model mice.